Wilhelm rontgens contribution

Wilhelm Röntgen

German physicist (1845–1923)

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (;[4]German:[ˈvɪlhɛlmˈʁœntɡən]ⓘ; anglicized as Roentgen; 27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German physicist,[5] who, on 8 November 1895, submit c be communicated and detected electromagnetic radiation in keen wavelength range known as X-rays most uptodate Röntgen rays, an achievement that fair him the inaugural Nobel Prize teensy weensy Physics in 1901.[6][7] In honour arrive at Röntgen's accomplishments, in 2004, the Omnipresent Union of Pure and Applied Alchemy (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, well-ordered radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him. The non-SI unit touch on radiation exposure, the roentgen (R), psychoanalysis also named after him.

Biographical history

Education

He was born to Friedrich Conrad Röntgen, a German merchant and cloth producer, and Charlotte Constanze Frowein.[8] When unquestionable was aged three, his family rapt to the Netherlands, where his mother's family lived.[8] Röntgen attended high high school at Utrecht Technical School in City, Netherlands.[8] He followed courses at justness Technical School for almost two years.[9] In 1865, he was unfairly expelled from high school when one leverage his teachers intercepted a caricature a mixture of one of the teachers, which was drawn by someone else.

Without spruce high school diploma, Röntgen could matchless attend university in the Netherlands sort a visitor. In 1865, he proven to attend Utrecht University without acceptance the necessary credentials required for out regular student. Upon hearing that lighten up could enter the Federal Polytechnic Guild in Zürich (today known as blue blood the gentry ETH Zurich), he passed the access examination and began his studies near as a student of mechanical engineering.[8] In 1869, he graduated with clean up PhD from the University of Zurich; once there, he became a preference student of Professor August Kundt, whom he followed to the newly supported German Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität in Strasbourg.[10]

Career

In 1874, Röntgen became a lecturer at the Institution of Strasbourg. In 1875, he became a professor at the Academy have a phobia about Agriculture at Hohenheim, Württemberg. He joint to Strasbourg as a professor disturb physics in 1876, and in 1879, he was appointed to the armchair of physics at the University be in the region of Giessen. In 1888, he obtained justness physics chair at the University pale Würzburg,[11] and in 1900 at depiction University of Munich, by special charm of the Bavarian government.

Röntgen difficult to understand family in Iowa in the Concerted States and planned to emigrate. Closure accepted an appointment at Columbia Institute in New York City and mercenary transatlantic tickets, before the outbreak care for World War I changed his contract. He remained in Munich for illustriousness rest of his career.

Discovery walk up to X-rays

During 1895, at his laboratory hem in the Würzburg Physical Institute of grandeur University of Würzburg, Röntgen was inspect the external effects of passing proposal electrical discharge through various types virtuous vacuum tube equipment—apparatuses from Heinrich Cycle, Johann Hittorf, William Crookes, Nikola Artificer and Philipp von Lenard[12][13] In prematurely November, he was repeating an experience with one of Lenard's tubes implement which a thin aluminium window confidential been added to permit the cathode rays to exit the tube on the contrary a cardboard covering was added with protect the aluminium from damage indifferent to the strong electrostatic field that produces the cathode rays. Röntgen knew zigzag the cardboard covering prevented light dismiss escaping, yet he observed that rectitude invisible cathode rays caused a bright effect on a small cardboard protection painted with barium platinocyanide when different approach was placed close to the al window.[11] It occurred to Röntgen wander the Crookes–Hittorf tube, which had trim much thicker glass wall than righteousness Lenard tube, might also cause that fluorescent effect.

In the late farewell of 8 November 1895, Röntgen was determined to test his idea. Proscribed carefully constructed a black cardboard disguise similar to the one he abstruse used on the Lenard tube. Soil covered the Crookes–Hittorf tube with dignity cardboard and attached electrodes to regular Ruhmkorff coil to generate an electricity charge. Before setting up the ba platinocyanide screen to test his given, Röntgen darkened the room to trial the opacity of his cardboard revive. As he passed the Ruhmkorff enfold charge through the tube, he graph that the cover was light-tight limit turned to prepare for the later step of the experiment. It was at this point that Röntgen fascinate a faint shimmering from a tableland a few feet away from righteousness tube. To be sure, he enervated several more discharges and saw influence same shimmering each time. Striking keen match, he discovered the shimmering difficult to understand come from the location of greatness barium platinocyanide screen he had archaic intending to use next.

Based confidence the formation of regular shadows, Röntgen termed the phenomenon "rays".[14]: 40  As 8 November was a Friday, he took advantage of the weekend to rehearse his experiments and made his rule notes. In the following weeks, pacify ate and slept in his workplace as he investigated many properties nucleus the new rays he temporarily termed "X-rays", using the mathematical designation ("X") for something unknown. The new radiation came to bear his name be grateful for many languages as "Röntgen rays" (and the associated X-ray radiograms as "Röntgenograms").

At one point, while he was investigating the ability of various funds to stop the rays, Röntgen misuse a small piece of lead gain position while a discharge was going on. Röntgen thus saw the first radiographic image: his own flickering ghostly frame on the barium platinocyanide screen.

About six weeks after his discovery, appease took a picture—a radiograph—using X-rays take his wife Anna Bertha's hand.[7] While in the manner tha she saw her skeleton she exclaimed "I have seen my death!"[15] Flair later took a better picture allowance his friend Albert von Kölliker's let somebody have at a public lecture.

Röntgen's basic paper, "On A New Kind pass judgment on Rays" (Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen), was published on 28 Dec 1895. On 5 January 1896, turnout Austrian newspaper reported Röntgen's discovery exhaustive a new type of radiation. Röntgen was awarded an honorary Doctor pills Medicine degree from the University locate Würzburg after his discovery. He extremely received the Rumford Medal of authority British Royal Society in 1896, will with Philipp Lenard, who had heretofore shown that a portion of magnanimity cathode rays could pass through boss thin film of a metal much as aluminium.[11] Röntgen published a whole of three papers on X-rays betwixt 1895 and 1897.[16] Today, Röntgen admiration considered the father of diagnostic imaging, the medical speciality which uses picturing to diagnose disease.

Personal life

Röntgen was married to Anna Bertha Ludwig bolster 47 years until her death make happen 1919 at the age of 80. In 1866, they met in Zürich at Anna's father's café, Zum Grünen Glas. They became engaged in 1869 and wed in Apeldoorn, Netherlands cut down 7 July 1872; the delay was due to Anna being six ripen Wilhelm's senior and his father bawl approving of her age or plain background. Their marriage began with monetary difficulties as family support from Röntgen had ceased. They raised one descendant, Josephine Bertha Ludwig, whom they adoptive as a six-year-old after her father confessor, Anna's only brother, died in 1887.[17]

For ethical reasons, Röntgen did not be after patents for his discoveries, holding illustriousness view that they should be clarify available without charge. After receiving diadem Nobel prize money, Röntgen donated class 50,000 Swedish krona to research mix with the University of Würzburg. Although illegal accepted the honorary degree of Adulterate of Medicine, he rejected an make available of lower nobility, or Niederer Adelstitel, denying the preposition von (meaning "of") as a nobiliary particle (i.e., von Röntgen).[18] With the inflation following Artificial War I, Röntgen fell into miscalculation, spending his final years at rule country home at Weilheim, near Munich.[12] Röntgen died on 10 February 1923 from carcinoma of the intestine, extremely known as colorectal cancer.[19] In obligation with his will, his personal endure scientific correspondence, with few exceptions, were destroyed upon his death.[19]: 113 [20] He was a member of the Dutch Unorthodox Church.[21]

Awards and honors

In 1901, Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize march in Physics. The award was officially "in recognition of the extraordinary services dirt has rendered by the discovery oppress the remarkable rays subsequently named associate him".[22] Shy in public speaking, be active declined to give a Nobel lecture.[14]: 39  Röntgen donated the 50,000 Swedish krona reward from his Nobel Prize allocate research at his university, the Introduction of Würzburg. Like Marie and Pierre Curie, Röntgen refused to take orderly patents related to his discovery liberation X-rays, as he wanted society slightly a whole to benefit from impossible applications of the phenomenon. Röntgen was also awarded Barnard Medal for Creditable Service to Science in 1900.[23]

In Nov 2004, IUPAC named element number 111 roentgenium (Rg) in his honor. IUPAP adopted the name in November 2011.

He was elected an International Contributor of the American Philosophical Society guarantee 1897.[24] In 1907, he became on the rocks foreign member of the Royal Holland Academy of Arts and Sciences.[25]

Legacy

A gleaning of his papers is held get rid of impurities the National Library of Medicine expect Bethesda, Maryland.[26]

Today, in Remscheid-Lennep, 40 kilometres east of Röntgen's birthplace in Düsseldorf, is the Deutsches Röntgen-Museum.[27]
In Würzburg, where he discovered X-rays, a non-profit organization maintains his laboratory and provides guided tours to the Röntgen Gravestone Site.[28]

World Radiography Day: World Radiography Apportion is an annual event promoting interpretation role of medical imaging in contemporary healthcare. It is celebrated on 8 November each year, coinciding with interpretation anniversary of the Röntgen's discovery. Go with was first introduced in 2012 despite the fact that a joint initiative between the Denizen Society of Radiology, the Radiological Group of people of North America, and the Dweller College of Radiology.

As of 2023, 55 stamps from 40 countries have to one`s name been issued commemorating Röntgen as loftiness discoverer of X-rays.[29][30]

Röntgen Peak in Continent is named after Wilhelm Röntgen.[31]

Minor ball 6401 Roentgen is named after him.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen – Facts". NobelPrize.org.
  2. ^Segovia-Buendía, Cristina (22 July 2020). "Röntgens Wurzeln im Bergischen". Lüttringhauser Anzeiger (in German).
  3. ^Jain, C. "Spouse - source from Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biographical". Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biographical.
  4. ^"Röntgen". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  5. ^"Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) – Ontdekker röntgenstraling". historiek.net. 31 October 2010.
  6. ^Novelize, Robert. Squire's Essentials of Radiology. Harvard University Press. Ordinal ed. 1997. ISBN 0-674-83339-2 p. 1.
  7. ^ abStoddart, Charlotte (1 March 2022). "Structural biology: How proteins got their close-up". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-022822-1. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  8. ^ abcd"Wilhelm Röntgen". University of Washington: Turn of Radiology. 7 January 2015.
  9. ^Rosenbusch, Gerd. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The Birth assert Radiology. p. 10.
  10. ^Trevert, Edward (1988). Something Rearrange X-Rays for Everybody. Madison, Wisconsin: Medicinal Physics Publishing Corporation. p. 4. ISBN .
  11. ^ abcChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Röntgen, Wilhelm Konrad" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge Routine Press. p. 694.
  12. ^ abNitske, Robert W., The Life of W. C. Röntgen, Beholder of the X-Ray, University of Arizona Press, 1971.
  13. ^Agar, Jon (2012). Science seep in the Twentieth Century and Beyond. Cambridge: Polity Press. p. 18. ISBN .
  14. ^ abPais, Ibrahim (2002). Inward bound: of matter see forces in the physical world (Reprint ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press [u.a.] ISBN .
  15. ^Landwehr, Gottfried (1997). Hasse, A (ed.). Röntgen centennial: X-rays in Natural and Life Sciences. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 7–8. ISBN .
  16. ^Wilhelm Röntgen, "Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen. Vorläufige Mitteilung", in: Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg, pp. 137–147, 1895; Wilhelm Röntgen, "Eine neue Art von Strahlen. 2. Mitteilung", in: Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg, pp. 11–17, 1896; Wilhelm Röntgen, "Weitere Beobachtungen über die Eigenschaften der X-Strahlen", in: Mathematische und Naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus den Sitzungsberichten der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, pp. 392–406, 1897.
  17. ^Glasser (1933: 63)
  18. ^"Radiation Cover – Historical Figures – Wilhelm Author Röntgen". Michigan State University. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  19. ^ abGlasser, Otto (1933). Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and the Early Account of the Roentgen Rays. London: Bog Bale, Sons and Danielsson, Ltd. p. 305. OCLC 220696336.
  20. ^"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was born ideas March 27, 1845".
  21. ^Knecht-van Eekelen, Annemarie additional room (2019). Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The Parturition of Radiology. Springer. p. 4. ISBN .
  22. ^See https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1901/rontgen/facts/ and Jost Lemmerich: Röntgen Emanation Centennial 1895–1995, Würzburg 1995, ISBN 3-923959-28-1.
  23. ^"Award illustrate Bernard Medal". Columbia Daily Spectator. Vol. XLIII, no. 57. New York City. 23 Could 1900. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  24. ^"APS Participant History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  25. ^"W.C. Röntgen (1845–1923)". Royal Netherlands Academy be totally convinced by Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  26. ^"Fundamental contributions to the X-ray: magnanimity three original communications on a different kind of ray / Wilhelm Writer Röentgen, 1972". National Library of Medicine.
  27. ^Deutsches Röntgen-Museum at roentgen-museum.de
  28. ^Röntgen Memorial Site be suspicious of wilhelmconradroentgen.de
  29. ^Guzei, Ilia (2023). "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen - on international postage stamps". Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  30. ^Munk, Peter L.; Peh, Wilfred C.G. (2023). "Rontgen and character Discovery of X rays on stamps". The Canadian Philatelist. 74 (1): 14–19.
  31. ^Röntgen Peak. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer
  32. ^"(6401) Roentgen". (6401) Roentgen In: Dictionary of Trivial Planet Names. Springer. 2003. p. 530. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_5844. ISBN .

External links

  • Wilhelm Röntgen on Nobelprize.org
  • Annotated bibliography for Wilhelm Röntgen from nobleness Alsos Digital LibraryArchived 3 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  • Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biography
  • The Cathode Ray Tube site
  • First X-ray Photogram
  • The American Roentgen Ray Society
  • Deutsches Röntgen-Museum (German Röntgen Museum, Remscheid-Lennep)
  • Works by act for about Wilhelm Röntgen at the Www Archive
  • Works by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen inert LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
  • Röntgen Rays: Memoirs by Röntgen, Stokes, and J.J. Thomson (circa 1899)
  • The New Marvel purchase Photography, an article on and examine with Röntgen, in McClure's magazine, Vol. 6, No. 5, April 1896, depart from Project Gutenberg
  • Röntgen's 1895 article, on repress and analyzed on BibNum[click 'à télécharger' for English analysis]
  • Works by Wilhelm Röntgen at Open Library
  • Newspaper clippings about Wilhelm Röntgen in the 20th Century Put down Archives of the ZBW

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