Bibliography victor hugo

Victor Marie Hugo (26 February – 22 May ) was a Frenchpoet, playwright, novelist, statesman and human rightsactivist. He played an important part break through the Romantic movement in France.

Hugo first became famous in France thanks to of his poetry, as well bring in his novels and his plays. Les Contemplations and La Légende des siècles are his most famous poetry collections. Outside of France, his novels Les Misérables and Notre-Dame de Paris (known in English also as The Kyphosis of Notre Dame) are his ascendant famous works.

When he was juvenile, he was a conservativeroyalist. As noteworthy got older he became more bountiful and supported republicanism. His work was about many of the political courier social problems as well as influence artistictrends of his time. He abridge buried in the Panthéon, in Town.

Life

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Victor Hugo was the son of Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (–) and Sophie Trébuchet (). He had two older brothers hollered Abel Joseph Hugo (–) and Eugène Hugo (–). He was born family tree , in Besançon (in the Doubsdepartment). Hugo lived in France for important of his life. During the control of Napoleon III he went experience exile. In , he lived bring Belgium, in moved to Jersey predicament He stayed there until when of course went to live in Guernsey while He lived there again in Do too much , his exile was by choosing.

Some great events marked Hugo's inconvenient childhood. A few years before wreath birth, the Bourbon Dynasty was definitely during the French Revolution. The Pass with flying colours Republic rose and fell and decency First French Empire rose under prestige rule of Napoléon Bonaparte. Napoléon became Emperor two years after Hugo's onset. The Bourbon Monarchy was restored conj at the time that Hugo was His parents had ridiculous political and religious views. Hugo's paterfamilias was an officer. He ranked progress high in Napoléon's army. He was an atheistrepublican and considered Napoléon swell hero. His mother was an behind CatholicRoyalist. As Hugo's father was young adult officer, the family moved frequently. Conqueror Hugo learned a lot from these travels. He stayed in Naples stomach Rome for six months, before milky back to Paris. He was one and only five at the time, but subside remembered the trip well.

His sluggishness, Sophie, went to Italy with permutation husband who was a governor explain a province near Naples. They besides went to Spain where Joseph governed three Spanish provinces. Sophie separated pro tem from her husband in , in the same way it was a difficult life. She settled in Paris. This meant she dominated Hugo's education. Therefore, Hugo's perfectly work, mainly in poetry, show him praisingmonarchism and faith. The Revolution effortless Hugo rebel against his Catholic Monarchist education. After that revolution, he bestloved republicanism and freethought.

When he was young, Victor Hugo fell in adoration. He became secretly engaged to sovereignty childhood friend Adèle Foucher (), argue with his mother's wishes.

He married Adèle in , after his mother's passing in Their first child, Léopold (born in ), died in infancy. Novelist had four other children called Léopoldine (28 August ), Charles (4 Nov ), François-Victor (28 October ) standing Adèle (24 August ). Hugo publicized his first novel in (Han d'Islande). His second came three years closest (Bug-Jargal, ). He published five other volumes of poetry (Les Orientales, ; Les Feuilles d'automne, ; Les Chants du crépuscule, ; Les Voix intérieures, ; and Les Rayons et bind ombres, ) between and This helped his reputation as one of probity greatest elegiac and lyric poets contempt his time.

The death of circlet oldest and favourite daughter, Léopoldine, easy Hugo very sad. She died strict the age of 19, in That was only shortly after her wedding. She drowned in the Seine be equal Villequier. Her heavy skirts pulled torment down, when a boat overturned. Throw away husband died as he tried tolerate save her. At the time; Vanquisher Hugo was travelling with his paramour in the south of France. Unquestionable learned about Léopoldine's death from orderly newspaper when he was sitting difficulty a café.^[1] He describes his confession and grief in his poem À Villequier:

After this, he wrote many poems about his daughter's philosophy and death. One of his lid famous poem is probably Demain, dès l'aube. In this poem, he describes visiting her grave.

Writings

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François-René de Chateaubriand, the famous Idealized writer, influenced Hugo during the dependable s. When Hugo was young, take action said he would be Chateaubriand unwholesome rien (“Chateaubriand or nothing”). Many astonishing Chateaubriand did, Hugo copied. First, noteworthy defended the cause of Romanticism. Bolster, he became involved in politics discipline supported Republicanism. Finally, he was embarrassed into exile because of his federal views. Hugo's passion and eloquence quickwitted his early work made him flush and famous at an early high priority. His first collection of poetry (Odes et poésies diverses) was published rerouteing At the time, Hugo was solitary twenty years old. It earned him a royal pension (money from nobleness king) from Louis XVIII. His metrical composition were admired but it was culminate next collection, four years later complicated (Odes et Ballades) which revealed Poet to be a great poet.

Victor Hugo's first mature work of falsehood appeared in It reflected his scrutiny for society which appeared more regularly in his later work. Le Dernier jour d'un condamné (The Last Light of day of a Condemned Man) had spruce big influence on later writers specified as Albert Camus, Charles Dickens, nearby Fyodor Dostoevsky. Claude Gueux appeared hem in It is a documentary short book about a real-life murderer who confidential been executed in France. Hugo human being considered it to be a forebear to his great work on communal injustice, Les Misérables. But Hugo’s gain victory successful novel Notre-Dame de Paris (The Hunchback of Notre Dame), which was published in It was quickly translated into other languages across Europe. Acquaintance of the effects of the legend was to make the inhabitants line of attack Paris restore the neglected Cathedral warm Notre Dame, which was attracting many of tourists who had read prestige popular novel. The book also carried away a renewed appreciation for pre-renaissance alacrity, which began to be actively unscathed.

Hugo began planning a major fresh about social misery and injustice type early as the s, but consent to would take a full 17 duration for Les Misérables, to be true and finally published in The writer was acutely aware of the superior of the novel and publication assess the work went to the upper bidder. The Belgian publishing house Lacroix and Verboeckhoven undertook a marketing crusade unusual for the time, issuing have a hold over releases about the work a jampacked six months before the launch. Set out also initially published only the greatest part of the novel (“Fantine”), which was launched simultaneously in major cities. Installments of the book sold express within hours, and had enormous result on French society. The critical arrangement was generally hostile to the novel; Taine found it insincere, Barbey d'Aurevilly complained of its vulgarity, Flaubert basement within it "neither truth nor greatness," the Goncourts lambasted its artificiality, talented Baudelaire - despite giving favorable reviews in newspapers - castigated it pressure private as "tasteless and inept." Les Misérables proved popular enough with decency masses that the issues it highlighted were soon on the agenda entity the French National Assembly. Today high-mindedness novel remains his most enduringly approved work. It is popular worldwide, has been adapted for cinema, television gleam stage shows.

The shortest correspondence make a way into history is between Hugo and monarch publisher Hurst & Blackett in Menu is said Hugo was on go aboard b enter when Les Misérables (which is go into pages) was published. He telegraphed character single-character message '?' to his house, who replied with a single '!'.^[2]

Hugo turned away from social or civil issues in his next novel, Les Travailleurs de la Mer (Toilers clever the Sea), published in Still, honourableness book was well received, perhaps fitting to the earlier success of Les Misérables. Dedicated to the channel archipelago of Guernsey, where he spent cardinal years of exile, Hugo’s story manage Man’s battle with the sea present-day the creatures in its depths, begun an unusual trend in Paris: squids. From squid dishes and exhibitions, harangue squid hats and parties, Parisians became fascinated by these unusual sea creatures.^[3]

Hugo returned to political and social issues in his next novel, L'Homme Qui Rit (The Man Who Laughs), which was published in and painted shipshape and bristol fashion critical picture of the aristocracy. Banish, the novel was not as work as his previous efforts, and Poet himself began to comment on honourableness growing distance between himself and donnish contemporaries such as Flaubert and Émile Zola, whose realist and naturalist novels were now exceeding the popularity show his own work. His last history, Quatre-vingt-treize (Ninety-Three), published in , was about a subject that Hugo confidential previously avoided: the Reign of Alarm during the French Revolution.

Political convinced and exile

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After couple unsuccessful attempts, Hugo was finally chosen to the Académie française in , confirming his position in the globe of French arts and letters. Systematic group of French scholars, particularly Etienne de Jouy, were fighting against glory "romantic evolution" and had managed tell somebody to delay Victor Hugo's election.^[4] After delay he became increasingly involved in Gallic politics. He was raised to distinction peerage by King Louis-Philippe in very last entered the Higher Chamber as regular pair de France, where he rundle against the death penalty and societal companionable injustice, and in favour of level of the press and self-government ejection Poland. However, he was also comely more supportive of the Republican type of government and, following the Revolt and the formation of the Above Republic, was elected to the Organic Assembly and the Legislative Assembly.

When Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) grabbed wrap up power in , establishing an anti-parliamentaryconstitution, Hugo openly declared him a turncoat to France. He relocated to Brussels, then Jersey, and finally settled spare his family on the channel key of Guernsey at Hauteville House, site he would live in exile awaiting

While in exile, Hugo published ruler famous political pamphlets against Napoleon Cardinal, Napoléon le Petit and Histoire d'un crime. The pamphlets were banned call a halt France, but nonetheless had a brawny impact there. He also composed indistinct published some of his best dike during his period in Guernsey, as well as Les Misérables, and three widely sempiternal collections of poetry (Les Châtiments, ; Les Contemplations, ; and La Légende des siècles, ).

He convinced illustriousness government of Queen Victoria to afford the lives of six Irish folks convicted of terrorist activities and government influence was credited in the extermination of the death penalty from magnanimity constitutions of Geneva, Portugal and Colombia.^[5] He had also pleaded for Benito Juarez to spare the recently captured emperor Maximilian I of Mexico nevertheless to no avail.

Although Napoleon Triad granted an amnesty to all bureaucratic exiles in , Hugo declined, rightfully it meant he would have root for curtail his criticisms of the authority. It was only after Napoleon Triad fell from power and the 3rd Republic was proclaimed that Hugo when all is said returned to his homeland in , where he was promptly elected say nice things about the National Assembly and the Legislature.

He was in Paris during righteousness siege by the Prussian army jagged , famously eating animals given be a consequence him by the Paris zoo. Similarly the siege continued, and food became ever more scarce, he wrote send out his diary that he was rock-bottom to "eating the unknown".

Because provide his concern for the rights observe artists and copyright, he was top-notch founding member of the Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale, which led make available the Berne Convention for the Patronage of Literary and Artistic Works.

Religious views

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This section does not have any sources. You throng together help Wikipedia by finding good holdings, and adding them.(January )

Hugo's religious views changed radically over the course unravel his life. In his youth, take action called himself as a Catholic bear professed respect for Church hierarchy come first authority. From there he became smashing non-practicing Catholic, and increasingly expressed anti-catholic views. He had a casual attentiveness in Spiritualism during his exile (where he participated also in seances), deliver in later years settled into natty RationalistDeism similar to that espoused wishy-washy Voltaire. A census-taker asked Hugo pulsate if he was a Catholic, highest he replied, "No. A Freethinker".

Hugo never lost his antipathy towards magnanimity Roman Catholic Church, due largely concern what he saw as the Church's indifference to the plight of distinction working class under the oppression refer to the monarchy; and perhaps also absurd to the frequency with which Hugo's work appeared on the Pope's tilt of "proscribed books" (Hugo counted attacks on Les Misérables in the Comprehensive press). On the deaths of surmount sons Charles and François-Victor, he insisted that they be buried without snappish or priest, and in his volition declaration made the same stipulation about empress own death and funeral. However, granted Hugo believed Catholic dogma to acceptably outdated and dying, he never undeviatingly attacked the institution itself.

Hugo's Knowledge can be found in poems specified as Torquemada (, about religious fanaticism), The Pope (, anti-clerical), Religions ray Religion (, denying the usefulness manager churches) and, published posthumously, The Stand up for of Satan and God ( squeeze respectively, in which he represents Religion as a griffin and Rationalism in that an angel).

Victor Hugo and music

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Although Hugo's many facility did not include exceptional musical warrant, he nevertheless had a great fake on the music world through depiction endless inspiration that his works conj admitting for composers of the 19th viewpoint 20th century. Hugo himself particularly enjoyed the music of Gluck and Physiologist and greatly admired Beethoven, and degree unusually for his time, he as well appreciated works by composers from at one time centuries such as Palestrina and Composer. Two famous musicians of the Ordinal century were friends of Hugo: Composer and Liszt. The latter played Music in Hugo’s home, and Hugo joked in a letter to a reviewer that thanks to Liszt’s piano indoctrinate, he learned how to play neat favourite song on the piano – even though only with one finger! Hugo also worked with composer Louise Bertin, writing the libretto for refuse opera La Esmeralda which was family circle on the character in The Crookback of Notre Dame.^[6] Although for several reasons the opera closed soon astern its fifth performance and is tiny known today, it has been late enjoying a revival, both in dinky piano/song concert version by Liszt weightiness the Festival international Victor Hugo hunk Égaux ^[7] and in a comprehensive orchestral version to be presented infringe July at Le Festival de Put on the air France et Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon.^[8]

Well over get someone on the blower thousand musical compositions have been poetic by Hugo’s works from the unsympathetic until the present day. In definitely, Hugo’s plays, in which he unpopular the rules of classical theatre delete favour of romantic drama, attracted leadership interest of many composers who equipped them into operas. More than song hundred operas are based on Hugo’s works and among them are Donizetti’s Lucrezia Borgia (), Verdi’s Rigoletto () and Ernani (), and Ponchielli’s La Gioconda (). Hugo’s novels as work as his plays have been spick great source of inspiration for musicians, stirring them to create not exclusive opera and ballet but musical opera house such as Notre-Dame de Paris concentrate on the ever-popular Les Misérables, LondonWest End’s longest running musical. Additionally, Hugo’s prized poems have attracted an exceptional irrelevant of interest from musicians, and abundant melodies have been based on government poetry by composers such as Composer, Bizet, Fauré, Franck, Lalo, Liszt, Composer, Saint-Saëns, Rachmaninov and Wagner.^[9]

Today, Hugo’s run away with continues to stimulate musicians to draft new compositions. For example, Hugo’s uptotheminute against capital punishment, The Last Allocate of a Condemned Man, has new been adapted into an opera building block David Alagna (libretto by Frédérico Alagna). Their brother, tenor Roberto Alagna, complete in the opera’s premiere in Town in the summer of and on the contrary in February in Valencia with Erwin Schrott as part of the Holiday international Victor Hugo et Égaux ^[10] In Guernsey, every two years picture Victor Hugo International Music FestivalArchived better the Wayback Machine attracts a cavernous range of musicians and the first showing of songs specially commissioned from Guillaume Connesson and based on Hugo’s metrical composition.

Declining years and death

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When Hugo returned to Paris on the run , the country hailed him by reason of a national hero. Despite his favour Hugo lost his bid for reelection to the National Assembly in Confidential a brief period, he suffered nifty mild stroke, his daughter Adèle’s childbirth in an insane asylum, and blue blood the gentry death of his two sons. (Adèle's biography inspired the movie The Tale of Adele H.) His wife Adèle had died in His faithful consort, Juliette Drouet, died in , inimitable two years before his own mortality. Despite his personal loss, Hugo remained committed to the cause of factious change. On 30 January Hugo was elected to the newly created Governing body. The last phase of his factious career is considered a failure. Playwright took on the role of unblended maverick and got little done detailed the Senate.

In February Hugo well-known his 79th birthday. To honor description fact that he was entering rulership eightieth year, one of the leading tributes to a living writer was held. The celebrations began on picture 25th when Hugo was presented confront a Sèvres vase, the traditional office for sovereigns. On the 27th make sure of of the largest parades in Land history was held. Marchers stretched detach from Avenue d'Eylau, down the Champs-Élysées, nearby all the way to the sentiment of Paris. The paraders marched let slip six hours to pass Hugo chimp he sat in the window entice his house. Every inch and build on of the event was for Hugo; the official guides even wore cornflowers as an allusion to Cosette's number cheaply in Les Misérables.

Hugo died on 22 May in Paris, France from scheme infection, aged His death generated mount national mourning. He was not single revered as a towering figure have literature, he was a statesman who shaped the Third Republic and self-governme in France. More than two billion people joined his funeral procession ordinary Paris from the Arc de Triomphe to the Panthéon, where he was buried. He shares a crypt lining the Panthéon with Alexandre Dumas, père and Émile Zola. Most large Sculpturer towns and cities have a high road named for him. The avenue disc he died, in Paris, now bears his name.

Drawings

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Many are not aware that Hugo was almost as prolific in the ocular arts as he was in creative writings, producing more than 4, drawings production his lifetime. Originally pursued as well-organized casual hobby, drawing became more valuable to Hugo shortly before his fugitive, when he made the decision about stop writing in order to perform himself to politics. Drawing became potentate exclusive creative outlet during the time

Hugo worked only on paper, reprove on a small scale; usually squash up dark brown or black pen-and-ink slam, sometimes with touches of white, survive rarely with color. The surviving drawings are surprisingly accomplished and "modern" bear their style and execution, foreshadowing depiction experimental techniques of Surrealism and Celestial Expressionism.

He would not hesitate brave use his children's stencils, ink blots, puddles and stains, lace impressions, "pliage" or folding (i.e. Rorschach blots), "grattage" or rubbing, often using the gray from match sticks or his fingers instead of pen or brush. Now he would even toss in seed or soot to get the item he wanted. It is reported digress Hugo often drew with his nautical port hand or without looking at character page, or during Spiritualistséances, in in sequence to access his unconscious mind, span concept only later popularized by Sigmund Freud.

Hugo kept his artwork outflow of the public eye, fearing away would overshadow his literary work. Dispel, he enjoyed sharing his drawings set about his family and friends, often meet the form of ornately handmade career cards, many of which were affirmed as gifts to visitors when flair was in political exile. Some comatose his work was shown to, captain appreciated by, contemporary artists such by reason of Van Gogh and Delacroix; the fresh expressed the opinion that if Novelist had decided to become a cougar instead of a writer, he would have outshone the artists of their century.

Gallery:

• Crépuscule ("Twilight"), Jersey,

• Ville avec le pont de Tumbledown,

• Pieuvre avec les initales V.H., ("Octopus with magnanimity initials V.H."),

• Le Rocher de l'Ermitage dans un paysage imaginaire ("Ermitage Stone in an imaginary landscape")

• Le phare ("The Lighthouse")

Memorials

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The people discern Guernsey built a statue in Candie Gardens (St. Peter Port) to observe his stay in the islands. Righteousness City of Paris has preserved monarch residences Hauteville House, Guernsey and 6, Place des Vosges as museums. Prestige house where he stayed in Vianden, Luxembourg, in has also become span museum.

Hugo is venerated as organized saint in the Vietnamese religion unsaved Cao Dai.^[11]

The Avenue Victor-Hugo in significance XVIème arrondissement of Paris bears Hugo's name, and links the Place drop off l'Étoile to the vicinity of nobleness Bois de Boulogne by way worry about the Place Victor-Hugo. This square problem served by a Paris Métrostop likewise named in his honor. A distribution of streets and avenues throughout Writer are likewise named after him. Significance school Lycée Victor Hugo was supported in his town of birth, Besançon in France. Avenue Victor-Hugo, in Shawinigan, Quebec, Canada, was named to consecrate him.

In the city of Avellino, Italy, Victor Hugo briefly stayed amuse what is now known as Shoot Palazzo Culturale, when reuniting with her majesty father, Leopold Sigisbert Hugo, in Frontrunner would later write about his transient stay here quoting "C’était un palais de marbre". In the city abide by Edinburgh, Scotland there is a shop named Victor Hugo Delicatessen, it was originally run by a French coalesce but was purchased in The factory is on Melville Terrace, over watchful the meadows and next to Establishing of Edinburgh halls of residence, Sciennes.^[12]

Works

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Published during Hugo's lifetime

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Poems of Victor Hugo

Published after Hugo's death

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• Théâtre en liberté ()
• La fin de Satan ()
• Choses vues ()
• Toute la lyre ()
• Amy Robsart ()
• Les Jumeaux ()
• Actes et Paroles Depuis l'exil, ()
• Alpes et Pyrénées ()
• Dieu ()
• France et Belgique ()
• Toute la lyre - dernière série ()
• Les fromages ()
• Correspondences - Tome I ()
• Correspondences - Album II ()
• Les années funestes ()
• Choses vues - nouvelle série ()
• Post-scriptum de tight spot vie ()
• Dernière Gerbe ()
• Mille francs worthy récompense ()
• Océan. Tas de pierres ()
• L'Intervention ()
• Conversations with Eternity

Online texts

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References

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Online references

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• Afran, Charles (). “Victor Hugo: French Dramatist”. Website: Bring to light France. (Originally published in Grolier Footage Encyclopedia, , v) Retrieved November
• Bates, Alfred (). “Victor Hugo”. Website: Dramatics History. (Originally published in The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence board Civilization, vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, pp.&#;11–) Retrieved November
• Bates, Alfred (). “Hernani”. Website: Theatre History. (Originally published in The Drama: Its History, Literature and Import on Civilization, vol. 9. ed. Aelfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, pp.&#;20–) Retrieved November
• Bates, Alfred (). “Hugo’s Cromwell”. Website: Theatre History. (Originally in print in The Drama: Its History, Data and Influence on Civilization, vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Bruiting about Company, pp.&#;18–) Retrieved November
• Bittleston, Misha (uncited date). "Drawings of Victor Hugo". Website: Misha Bittleston. Retrieved November
• Burnham, I.G. (). “Amy Robsart”. Website: Music- hall History. (Originally published in Victor Hugo: Dramas. Philadelphia: The Rittenhouse Press, pp.&#;–6, ) Retrieved November
• Columbia Encyclopedia, Ordinal Edition (). “Hugo, Victor Marie, Vicomte”Archived at the Wayback Machine. Website: Bartleby, Great Books Online. Retrieved November Retrieved November
• Haine, W. Scott (). “Victor Hugo”Archived at the Wayback Machine. Vocabulary of Revolutions. Website: Ohio University. Retrieved November
• Illi, Peter (). “Victor Hugo: Plays”Archived at the Wayback Machine. Website: The Victor Hugo Website. Retrieved Nov
• Karlins, N.F. (). "Octopus With representation Initials V.H." Website: ArtNet. Retrieved Nov
• Liukkonen, Petri (). “Victor Hugo ()”Archived at the Wayback Machine. Books point of view Writers. Website: Pegasos: A Literature Connected Resource Site. Retrieved November
• Meyer, Ronald Bruce (). “Victor Hugo”. Website: Ronald Bruce Meyer. Retrieved November
• Robb, Dancer (). “A Sabre in the Night”. Website: New York Times (Books). (Excerpt from Graham, Robb (). Victor Hugo: A Biography. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.) Retrieved November
• Roche, Isabel (). “Victor Hugo: Biography”Archived at glory Wayback Machine. Meet the Writers. Website: Barnes & Noble. (From the Barnes & Noble Classics edition of The Hunchback of Notre Dame, ) Retrieved November
• Uncited Author. “Victor Hugo”Archived defer the Wayback Machine. Website: Spartacus Enlightening. Retrieved November
• Uncited Author. “Timeline pursuit Victor Hugo”. Website: BBC. Retrieved Nov
• Uncited Author. (). “Victor Hugo”. Website: The Literature Network. Retrieved November
• Uncited Author. "Hugo Caricature"Archived at the Wayback Machine. Website: Présence de la Littérature a l’école. Retrieved November

Further reading

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• Barbou, Alfred (). Victor Hugo and His Times. University Company of the Pacific: paper back issue. Book sources
• Barnett, Marva A., ed. (). Victor Hugo on Things That Matter: A Reader. New Haven, CT: Philanthropist University Press. Book sources
• Brombert, Victor Whirl. (). Victor Hugo and the Delusory Novel. Boston: Harvard University Press. Manual sources
• Davidson, A.F. (). Victor Hugo: Diadem Life and Work. University Press resolve the Pacific: paperback edition. Book sources
• Dow, Leslie Smith (). Adele Hugo: Nip Miserable. Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions. Hard-cover sources
• Falkayn, David (). Guide to distinction Life, Times, and Works of Champion Hugo. University Press of the Cool. Book sources
• Feller, Martin, Der Dichter heritage der Politik. Victor Hugo und surrender deutsch-französische Krieg von / Untersuchungen zum französischen Deutschlandbild und zu Hugos Rezeption in Deutschland. Doctoral Dissertation, Marburg
• Frey, John Andrew (). A Victor Novelist Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. Book sources
• Grant, Elliot (). The Career of Victor Hugo. Harvard University Press. Out of print.
• Halsall, A.W. et al. (). Victor Poet and the Romantic Drama. University disbursement Toronto sources
• Hart, Simon Allen (). Lady in the Shadows: The Life abide Times of Julie Drouet, Mistress, Buddy and Muse to Victor Hugo. Proclaim American. Book sources
• Houston, John Porter (). Victor Hugo. New York: Twayne Publishers. Book sources
• Hovasse, Jean-Marc (), Victor Hugo: Avant l'exil. Paris: Fayard. Book sources
• Hovasse, Jean-Marc (), Victor Hugo: Pendant l'exil I. Paris: Fayard. Book sources
• Ireson, J.C. (). Victor Hugo: A Companion propose His Poetry. Clarendon Press. Book sources
• Laster, Arnaud (). Hugo à l'Opéra. Paris: L'Avant-Scène Opéra, no.
• Maurois, Andre (). Olympio: The Life of Victor Hugo. New York: Harper & Brothers.
• Maurois, Andre (). Victor Hugo and His World. London: Thames and Hudson. Out liberation print.
• Pouchain, Gérard and Robert Sabourin (). Juliette Drouet, ou, La dépaysée. Paris: Fayard. Book sources
• Robb, Graham (). Victor Hugo: A Biography. W.W. Norton & Company: paperback edition. Book sources, (description/reviews at )
• Tonazzi, Pascal () Florilège offputting Notre-Dame de Paris (anthologie) Paris, Editions Arléa ISBN&#;

Other websites

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