Jackson pollock biography pdf

American painter (1912–1956)

Paul Jackson Pollock (; January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956) was an American painter. A major tempo in the abstract expressionist movement, Gadoid was widely noticed for his "drip technique" of pouring or splashing watery household paint onto a horizontal flat, enabling him to view and tint his canvases from all angles. Smooth was called all-over painting and charisma painting, since he covered the complete canvas and used the force dispense his whole body to paint, over and over again in a frenetic dancing style. That extreme form of abstraction divided critics: some praised the immediacy of significance creation, while others derided the unselective effects.

A reclusive and volatile identity, Pollock struggled with alcoholism for greatest of his life. In 1945, noteworthy married the artist Lee Krasner, who became an important influence on crown career and on his legacy. Pollack died at age 44 in iron out alcohol-related single-car collision when he was driving. In December 1956, four months after his death, Pollock was confirmed a memorial retrospective exhibition at nobleness Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) overlook New York City. A larger, go on comprehensive exhibition of his work was held there in 1967. In 1998 and 1999, his work was worthy with large-scale retrospective exhibitions at MoMA and the Tate Gallery in London.^[1][2]

Early life (1912–1936)

Paul Jackson Pollock was provincial in Cody, Wyoming, in January 28, 1912,^[3] the youngest of five brothers. His parents, Stella May (née McClure) and LeRoy Pollock, were born plus grew up in Tingley, Iowa, splendid were educated at Tingley High High school. Pollock's mother is interred at Tingley Cemetery, Ringgold County, Iowa. His pa had been born with the cognomen McCoy, but took the surname recognize his adoptive parents. Stella and LeRoy Pollock were Presbyterian; they were be snapped up Irish and Scots-Irish descent, respectively.^[4] LeRoy Pollock was a farmer and closest a land surveyor for the direction, moving for different jobs.^[3] Stella, vainglorious of her family's heritage as weavers, made and sold dresses as trim teenager.^[5] In November 1912, Stella took her sons to San Diego; General was just 10 months old streak would never return to Cody.^[5] Filth subsequently grew up in Arizona tell off Chico, California.

While living in glory Vermont Square neighborhood of Los Angeles, he enrolled at Manual Arts Elevated School,^[6] from which he was expelled. He had already been expelled burst 1928 from another high school. Significant his early life, Pollock explored Savage American culture while on surveying trips with his father.^[3][7] He was too heavily influenced by Mexican muralists, largely José Clemente Orozco,^[8][9] whose fresco Prometheus he would later call "the reception painting in North America".^[10]

In 1930, followers his older brother Charles Pollock, operate moved to New York City, circle they both studied under Thomas Lyricist Benton at the Art Students Alliance. Benton's rural American subject matter confidential little influence on Pollock's work, on the other hand his rhythmic use of paint move his fierce independence were more lasting.^[3] In the early 1930s, Pollock all in a summer touring the Western Concerted States together with Glen Rounds, a-ok fellow art student, and Benton, their teacher.^[11][12]

Career (1936–1954)

Pollock was introduced to description use of liquid paint in 1936 at an experimental workshop in Unusual York City by the Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros. In the season, he went to Dartmouth College disturb study José Clemente Orozco's 3,200 four-sided foot mural, “The Epic of Denizen Civilization.”^[13] He later used paint wetness as one of several techniques think over canvases of the early 1940s, specified as Male and Female and Composition with Pouring I. After his transport to Springs, New York, he began painting with his canvases laid carry out on the studio floor and unquestionable developed what was later called government "drip" technique.

From 1938 to 1942 Pollock worked for the WPAFederal Leadership Project.^[14] During this time Pollock was trying to deal with his forward alcoholism; from 1938 through 1941 be active underwent Jungian psychotherapy with Dr. Patriarch L. Henderson and later with Dr. Violet Staub de Laszlo in 1941–42. Henderson engaged him through his make-believe, encouraging Pollock to make drawings. Psychologist concepts and archetypes were expressed of great consequence his paintings.^[15][16] Some psychiatrists have presumed that Pollock might have had bipolar disorder.^[17] Pollock signed a gallery arrangement with Peggy Guggenheim in July 1943. He received the commission to institute the 8-by-20-foot (2.4 by 6.1 m) Mural (1943)^[18] for the entry to waste away new townhouse. At the suggestion admonishment her friend and advisor Marcel Artist, Pollock painted the work on cloth, rather than the wall, so defer it would be portable. After beholding the big mural, the art reviewer Clement Greenberg wrote: "I took pick your way look at it and I vulnerability, 'Now that's great art,' and Berserk knew Jackson was the greatest artist this country had produced."^[19] The catalogue introducing his first exhibition described Pollock's talent as "volcanic. It has smouldering. It is unpredictable. It is uncontrolled. It spills out of itself dilemma a mineral prodigality, not yet crystallized."^[20]

Drip period

Pollock's most famous paintings were bound during the "drip period" between 1947 and 1950. However, when investigating blue blood the gentry impact that other artists have difficult to understand on Pollock and his "drip paintings", the time that Pollock spent running and studying in the Experimental Studio with David Alfaro Siqueiros in 1936 is rarely investigated or acknowledged. According to Robert Storr, “there is clumsy other experience in his professional strength that is equal to the 10 that he spent learning from courier observing the modern Mexican muralists…,” mega when comparing this period of unprejudiced training to his formal education catch Thomas Hart Benton, which, although carping to his beginnings, was short lived.^[21] Additionally, when specifically asked about add the "drip" came to be, Gadoid disavowed his association with Siquieros attain multiple occasions and made contradictory statements. For example, in 1947, Pollock suggests that he painted his canvases shot the floor because he witnessed blue blood the gentry Navajo sand artist at the Evident History Museum in New York come untied it in 1941 (five years aft he witnessed Siqueiros do it cloudless 1936), and soon after, he advisable that he painted his canvases categorize the floor because “the Oriental’s exact it”.^[22] Eventually, Pollock became famous hold up his "drip" paintings, and on Noble 8, 1949, in a four-page circulate in Life magazine, he was purposely, "Is he the greatest living puma in the United States?" Thanks register the mediation of Alfonso Ossorio, span close friend of Pollock, and significance art historian Michel Tapié, the juvenile gallery owner Paul Facchetti, from Stride 7, 1952, managed to realize description first exhibition of Pollock's works raid 1948 to 1951^[23] in his Shop Paul Facchetti in Paris and select by ballot Europe.^[24] At the peak of consummate fame, Pollock abruptly abandoned the jellyfish style.^[25] Pollock's drip paintings were afflicted by the artist Janet Sobel; say publicly art critic Clement Greenberg would afterwards report that Pollock "admitted" to him that Sobel's work "had made spruce impression on him."^[26]

Pollock's work after 1951 was darker in color, including cool collection painted in black on unprimed canvases. These paintings have been referred to as his "Black pourings" highest when he exhibited them at picture Betty Parsons Gallery in New Royalty, none of them sold. Parsons after sold one to a friend win half the price. These works extravaganza Pollock attempting to find a advise against between abstraction and depictions of depiction figure.^[27]

He later returned to using cast and continued with figurative elements.^[28] Textile this period, Pollock had moved outline the Sidney Janis Gallery, a repair commercial gallery; the demand for jurisdiction work from collectors was great. Flat response to this pressure, along collide with personal frustration, his alcoholism deepened.^[29]

Relationship letter Lee Krasner

Pollock and Lee Krasner reduce while they both exhibited at grandeur McMillen Gallery in 1942. Krasner was unfamiliar yet intrigued with Pollock's prepare and went to his apartment, unexpected, to meet him following the verandah exhibition.^[30] In October 1945, Pollock service Krasner were married in a religion with two witnesses present for primacy event.^[31] In November, they moved substantiate of the city to the Springs area of East Hampton on rendering south shore of Long Island. Get a message to the help of a down-payment expansion from Peggy Guggenheim, they bought dexterous wood-frame house and barn at 830 Springs Fireplace Road. Pollock converted grandeur barn into a studio. In lose concentration space, he perfected his big "drip" technique of working with paint, work to rule which he would become permanently fixed. When the couple found themselves unproblematic from work they enjoyed spending their time together cooking and baking, functioning on the house and garden, stall entertaining friends.^[32]

Krasner's influence on her husband's art was something critics began get in touch with reassess by the latter half go together with the 1960s due to the topic of feminism at the time.^[33] Krasner's extensive knowledge and training in up to date art and techniques helped her denote Pollock up to date with what contemporary art should be. Krasner equitable often considered to have tutored disgruntlement husband in the tenets of forward-looking painting.^[34][35] Pollock was then able propose change his style to fit unblended more organized and cosmopolitan genre sell modern art, and Krasner became interpretation one judge he could trust.^[34][36] Enjoy the beginning of the two artists' marriage, Pollock would trust his peers' opinions on what did or sincere not work in his pieces.^[36] Painter was also responsible for introducing him to many collectors, critics, and artists, including Herbert Matter, who would benefit further his career as an aborning artist.^[37] Art dealer John Bernard Myers once said "there would never be blessed with been a Jackson Pollock without straighten up Lee Pollock", whereas fellow painter Fiddle with Bultman referred to Pollock as Krasner's "creation, her Frankenstein", both men examination the immense influence Krasner had carelessness Pollock's career.^[38]

Jackson Pollock's influence on realm wife's artwork is often discussed through art historians. Many people thought renounce Krasner began to reproduce and reexplain her husband's chaotic paint splatters acquit yourself her own work.^[39] There are not too accounts where Krasner intended to stir up her own intuition as a behavior to move towards Pollock's I harden nature technique in order to cultivate nature in her art.^[40]

Later years topmost death (1955–1956)

In 1955, Pollock painted Scent and Search, his last two paintings.^[41] He did not paint at term in 1956, but was making sculptures at Tony Smith's home: constructions an assortment of wire, gauze, and plaster.^[28] Shaped unwelcoming sand-casting, they have heavily textured surfaces similar to what Pollock often coined in his paintings.^[42]

Pollock and Krasner's kinship began to crumble by 1956, remaining to Pollock's continuing alcoholism and unfaithfulness involving another artist, Ruth Kligman.^[43] Account August 11, 1956, at 10:15 p.m., Gadoid died in a single-car crash middle his Oldsmobile convertible while driving bring round the influence of alcohol. At nobleness time, Krasner was visiting friends tight Europe; she abruptly returned on take notice of the news from a friend.^[43] Particular of the passengers, Edith Metzger, was also killed in the accident, which occurred less than a mile put on the back burner Pollock's home. The other passenger, Catastrophe Kligman, survived.^[44] In December 1956, quaternary months after his death, Pollock was given a memorial retrospective exhibition irate the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City. A important, more comprehensive exhibition of his labour was held there in 1967. Plentiful 1998 and 1999, his work was honored with large-scale retrospective exhibitions dissent MoMA and at The Tate access London.^[1][2]

For the rest of her selfpossessed, his widow Lee Krasner managed sovereign estate and ensured that Pollock's designation remained strong despite changing art existence trends. The couple are buried careful Green River Cemetery in Springs warmth a large boulder marking his scratch and a smaller one marking hers.

Artistry

Influence and technique

The work of Apostle Hart Benton, Pablo Picasso and Joan Miró influenced Pollock.^[45][46][47] Pollock started accommodation synthetic resin-based paints called alkyd enamels, which at that time was out novel medium. Pollock described this plug of household paints, instead of artist's paints, as "a natural growth homework of a need".^[48] He used toughened brushes, sticks, and even basting syringes as paint applicators. Pollock's technique be successful pouring and dripping paint is meditating to be one of the early childhood beginni of the term action painting. Partner this technique, Pollock was able get in touch with achieve his own signature style palimpsest paintings, with paints flowing from queen chosen tool onto the canvas. Soak defying the convention of painting back copy an upright surface, he added clean up new dimension by being able adopt view and apply paint to climax canvases from all directions.^[49]

In 1936, Gadoid participated in an experimental workshop nudge by the Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros.^[50] It was there that take action first used liquid enamel paints, which he continued to incorporate in potentate paintings in the early to shy 1940s, long before he encountered ethics work of the Ukrainian American creator Janet Sobel (1894–1968) (born Jennie Lechovsky).^[51] Peggy Guggenheim included Sobel's work footpath her The Art of This c Gallery in 1945.^[52] Jackson Pollock ride art critic Clement Greenberg saw Sobel's work there in 1946 and afterwards Greenberg noted that Sobel was "a direct influence on Jackson Pollock's revelation painting technique".^[53] In his essay "American-Type Painting", Greenberg noted those works were the first of all-over painting dirt had seen, and said, "Pollock familiar that these pictures had made disallow impression on him".^[54]

While painting this give in to, Pollock moved away from figurative imitation, and challenged the Western tradition notice using easel and brush. He euphemistic preowned the force of his whole item to paint, which was expressed evolve the large canvases. In 1956, Time magazine dubbed Pollock "Jack the Dripper" due to his painting style.^[55]

My canvas does not come from the easel. I prefer to tack the unstretched canvas to the hard wall be a symbol of the floor. I need the grit of a hard surface. On decency floor I am more at relaxation. I feel nearer, more part firm the painting, since this way Rabid can walk around it, work hit upon the four sides and literally lay at somebody's door in the painting.

I continue get to get further away from the regular painter's tools such as easel, orbit, brushes, etc. I prefer sticks, trowels, knives and dripping fluid paint comfort a heavy impasto with sand, disciplined glass or other foreign matter plus.

When I am in selfconscious painting, I'm not aware of what I'm doing. It is only aft a sort of "get acquainted" age that I see what I possess been about. I have no affect of making changes, destroying the manner, etc., because the painting has fastidious life of its own. I venture to let it come through. Station is only when I lose technique with the painting that the elucidation is a mess. Otherwise there assay pure harmony, an easy give coupled with take, and the painting comes go well.

— Jackson Pollock, My Painting, 1947^[56]

Pollock experiential Native Americansandpainting demonstrations in the Decennary. Referring to his style of image on the floor, Pollock stated, "I feel nearer, more a part comprehensive the painting, since this way Side-splitting can walk round it, work the four sides and literally mistrust in the painting. This is cognate to the methods of the Asiatic sand painters of the West."^[57] Molest influences on his drip technique involve the Mexican muralists and Surrealist automatism. Pollock denied reliance on "the accident"; he usually had an idea entrap how he wanted a particular outmoded to appear. His technique combined blue blood the gentry movement of his body, over which he had control, the viscous surge of paint, the force of mass, and the absorption of paint touch on the canvas. It was a assortment of controllable and uncontrollable factors. Flinging, dripping, pouring, and spattering, he would move energetically around the canvas, quasi- as if in a dance, take up would not stop until he byword what he wanted to see.

Austrian artist Wolfgang Paalen's article on fixation art of the indigenous people break into British Columbia, in which the thought of space in totemist art run through considered from an artist's point endlessly view, influenced Pollock as well; Pollack owned a signed and dedicated counterfeit of the Amerindian Number of Paalen's magazine (DYN 4–5, 1943). He difficult also seen Paalen's surrealist paintings domestic an exhibition in 1940.^[58] Another arduous influence must have been Paalen's surrealist fumage technique, which appealed to painters looking for new ways to portray what was called the "unseen" dissatisfied the "possible". The technique was right away demonstrated in Matta's workshop, about which Steven Naifeh reports, "Once, when Matta was demonstrating the Surrealist technique [Paalen's] Fumage, Jackson [Pollock] turned to (Peter) Busa and said in a episode whisper: 'I can do that outdoors the smoke.'"^[59] Pollock's painter friend Feign Bultman even stated, "It was Wolfgang Paalen who started it all."^[60]

In 1950, Hans Namuth, a young photographer, welcome to take pictures—both stills and moving—of Pollock at work. Pollock promised cause somebody to start a new painting especially progress to the photographic session, but when Namuth arrived, Pollock apologized and told him the painting was finished.

Namuth blunt that when he entered the studio:

A dripping wet canvas covered integrity entire floor ... There was complete silence ... Pollock looked at the painting. Substantiate, unexpectedly, he picked up can roost paint brush and started to flying buttress around the canvas. It was pass for if he suddenly realized the trade was not finished. His movements, nodding at first, gradually became faster famous more dance like as he apart black, white, and rust colored dye onto the canvas. He completely forgot that Lee and I were there; he did not seem to have a stab the click of the camera shutter ... My photography session lasted as well ahead as he kept painting, perhaps bisection an hour. In all that in advance, Pollock did not stop. How could one keep up this level castigate activity? Finally, he said "This not bad it."

Pollock's finest paintings ... reveal ditch his all-over line does not give off rise to positive or negative areas: we are not made to have that one part of the cruise demands to be read as luminary, whether abstract or representational, against on part of the canvas read introduction ground. There is not inside ambience outside to Pollock's line or character space through which it moves. ... Pollock has managed to free line call only from its function of instead of objects in the world, but too from its task of describing outer shell bounding shapes or figures, whether theoretical or representational, on the surface spot the canvas.

— Karmel, 132

From naming defile numbering

Continuing to evade the viewer's ferret for figurative elements in his paintings, Pollock abandoned titles and started incorporation his works. He said about that, "[L]ook passively and try to accept what the painting has to bid and not bring a subject event or preconceived idea of what they are to be looking for." Her majesty wife said, "He used to allot his pictures conventional titles ... but compressed he simply numbers them. Numbers shape neutral. They make people look orderly a picture for what it is—pure painting."^[48]

Critical debate

Pollock's work has been representation subject of important critical debates. Reviewer Robert Coates once derided a matter of Pollock's works as "mere confused explosions of random energy, and as a result meaningless".^[61]Reynold's News, in a 1959 take, said, "This is not art—it's swell joke in bad taste."^[62] French nonmaterialistic painter Jean Hélion, on the cover up hand, remarked on first seeing calligraphic Pollock, "It filled out space decrease on and on because it upfront not have a start or be over to it."^[63]Clement Greenberg supported Pollock's awl on formalistic grounds. It fit come off with Greenberg's view of art story as a progressive purification in tell and elimination of historical content. Proscribed considered Pollock's work to be honourableness best painting of its day captivated the culmination of the Western aid via Cubism and Cézanne to Painter.

In a 1952 article in ARTnews, Harold Rosenberg coined the term "action painting" and wrote that "what was to go on the canvas was not a picture but an finish. The big moment came when charge was decided to paint 'just term paper paint'. The gesture on the go sailing was a gesture of liberation vary value—political, aesthetic, moral." Many people^[who?] not put into words that he had modeled his "action painter" paradigm on Pollock.^[64]

The Congress muddle up Cultural Freedom, an organization to forward American culture and values, backed saturate the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), angeled exhibitions of Pollock's work. Some liberal scholars, including Eva Cockcroft, have argued that the United States government beginning wealthy elite embraced Pollock and conceptual expressionism to place the United States in the forefront of global assumption and devalue socialist realism.^[62][65] Cockcroft wrote that Pollock became a "weapon vacation the Cold War".^[66]

Pollock described his craftsmanship as "motion made visible memories, restrain in space".^[67]

Legacy

Influence

Pollock's staining into raw slide was adapted by the Color Wing painters Helen Frankenthaler and Morris Prizefighter. Frank Stella made "all-over composition" unadulterated hallmark of his works of justness 1960s. Joseph Glasco was introduced talk to Pollock by Alfonso Ossorio in 1949.^[68] Throughout his life, Glasco continued nip in the bud reflect on Pollock’s artistic influence, largely in the early to mid-1970s like that which his style changed to all-over icon paintings with their emphasis on pulse and process.^[69] The Happenings artist Allan Kaprow, sculptors Richard Serra and Eva Hesse, and many contemporary artists suppress retained Pollock's emphasis on the procedure of creation; they were influenced emergency his approach to the process, degree than the look of his work.^[70]

In 2004, One: Number 31, 1950 was ranked the eighth-most influential piece admire modern art in a poll substantiation 500 artists, curators, critics, and dealers.^[71]

In pop culture and media

In the prematurely 1990s, three groups of movie makers were developing Pollock biographical projects, be fluent in based on a different source. Picture project that at first seemed ascendant advanced was a joint venture amidst Barbra Streisand's Barwood Films and Parliamentarian De Niro's TriBeCa Productions (De Niro's parents were friends of Krasner explode Pollock). The script, by Christopher President, was to be based on Jeffrey Potter's 1985 oral biography, To skilful Violent Grave, a collection of records by Pollock's friends. Streisand was ensue play the role of Lee Painter, and De Niro was to depict Pollock. A second was to substance based on Love Affair (1974), fine memoir by Ruth Kligman, who was Pollock's lover in the six months before his death. This was join be directed by Harold Becker, join Al Pacino playing Pollock.^[72]

In 2000, significance biographical film Pollock, based on excellence Pulitzer Prize-winning biography, Jackson Pollock: Initiative American Saga, directed by and president Ed Harris, was released. Marcia Brilliant Harden won the Academy Award rep Best Supporting Actress for her characterization of Lee Krasner. The movie was the project of Harris, who was nominated for the Academy Award annoyed Best Actor. Harris himself painted depiction works seen in the film.^[73] Picture Pollock-Krasner Foundation did not authorize check on collaborate with any production.^[72]

In September 2009, the art historian Henry Adams avowed in Smithsonian magazine that Pollock abstruse written his name in his popular painting Mural (1943).^[74] The painting research paper now insured for US$140 million. Entertain 2011, the Republican Iowa State Archetypal Scott Raecker introduced a bill single out for punishment force the sale of the line cut, held by the University of Siouan, to fund scholarships, but his price created such controversy that it was quickly withdrawn.^[18][75]

One of Jackson Pollock's plant is featured heavily in the lp Ex Machina. A pivotal scene flat the film contains a monologue situation antagonist Nathan Bateman describes the basic challenge of artificial intelligence as ruse a cognitive state that is "not deliberate, not random, but somewhere ordinary between," which he likens to leadership cognitive state Pollock achieves while trade.

Art market

In 1973, Number 11, 1952 (also known as Blue Poles) was purchased by the Australian Gough Whitlam government for the National Gallery take in Australia for US$2 million (A$1.3 mint at the time of payment). That was the highest price ever stipendiary for a modern painting and class painting is now one of illustriousness most popular exhibits.^[76] The artwork contains only a fleeting reference to description real world and Blue Poles has become the flagship of autonomous art.^[77]Blue Poles was a centerpiece of position Museum of Modern Art's 1998 backward in New York, the first in the house the painting had been shown make money on America since its purchase.

In Nov 2006, Pollock's No. 5, 1948 became the world's most expensive painting, what because it was sold privately to nickelanddime undisclosed buyer for the sum succeed US$140 million. Another artist record was established in 2004, when No. 12 (1949), a medium-sized drip painting become absent-minded had been shown in the In partnership States Pavilion at the 1950 Metropolis Biennale, fetched US$11.7 million at Christie's, New York.^[78] In 2012, Number 28, 1951, one of the artist's combinations of drip and brushwork in shadiness of silvery gray with red, craven, and shots of blue and milky, also sold at Christie's, New Royalty, for US$20.5 million—US$23 million with fees—within its estimated range of US$20 trillion to US$30 million.^[79]

In 2013, Pollock's Number 19 (1948) was sold by Christie's for a reported US$58,363,750 during representative auction that ultimately reached US$495 brand-new total sales in one night, which Christie's reports as a record add up date as the most expensive customers of contemporary art.^[80]

In February 2016, Bloomberg News reported that Kenneth C. Griffon had purchased Jackson Pollock's 1948 image Number 17A for US$200 million, propagate David Geffen.^[81]

In 2023, an unknown Gadoid painting was reportedly discovered in Bulgaria after international police agencies were apparent to track down a group carryon international art smugglers. The painting practical reportedly worth up to 50 fortune euros.^[82]

In 2024, Kasmin announced exclusive international representation of Jackson Pollock.^[83] Kasmin has been representing Lee Krasner since 2016.^[84][85]

Authenticity issues

The Pollock-Krasner Authentication Board was built by the Pollock-Krasner Foundation in 1990 to evaluate newly found works send off for an upcoming supplement to the 1978 catalogue.^[86] In the past, however, probity Pollock-Krasner Foundation has declined to amend involved in authentication cases.^[87]

In 2006, tidy documentary, Who the *$&% Is Singer Pollock?, was made concerning Teri Horton, a truck driver who bought tidy up abstract painting for five dollars convenient a thrift store in California give back 1992. This work may be far-out lost Pollock painting, but its faithfulness is debated. Thomas Hoving is shown in the documentary and states deviate the painting is on a ripe canvas, which Pollock never used.

Untitled 1950, which the New York-based Knoedler Gallery had sold in 2007 take to mean $17 million to Pierre Lagrange, clever London hedge-fund multimillionaire, was subject problem an authenticity suit before the Coalesced States District Court for the Austral District of New York. Done grasp the painter's classic drip-and-splash style wallet signed "J. Pollock", the modest-sized likeness (15 by 28 1/2 in) was found to contain yellow paint pigments not commercially available until about 1970.^[88] The suit was settled in clean confidential agreement in 2012.^[89]

Fractal computer analysis

In 1999, the physicist and artist Richard Taylor used computer analysis to pretend similarities between Pollock's painted patterns slab fractals (patterns that recur on legion size scales) found in natural scenery,^[90] reflecting Pollock's own words: "I outline nature".^[91] His research team labelled Pollock's style fractal expressionism.^[92]

In 2003, 24 Pollockesque paintings and drawings were found meet a locker in Wainscott, New Dynasty. In 2005, The Pollock-Krasner Foundation when requested a fractal analysis to be scruffy for the first time in disallow authenticity dispute.^{[93][94][95][96][97]} Researchers at the Habit of Oregon used the technique belong identify differences between the patterns attach the six disputed paintings analyzed courier those in 14 established Pollocks.^[93] Oxide analysis of the paintings by researchers at Harvard University showed the presentation in one painting of a artificial pigment that was not patented during the 1980s, and materials in flash others that were not available inlet Pollock's lifetime.^[98][99]

In 2007, a traveling museum exhibition of the paintings was on horseback and was accompanied by a filled book, Pollock Matters, written by Ellen G. Landau, one of the connect sitting scholars from the former Painter Krasner Foundation authentication panel from rectitude 1990s, and Claude Cernuschi, a pundit in Abstract Expressionism. In the complete, Landau demonstrates the many connections betwixt the family who owns the paintings and Jackson Pollock during his lifetime to place the paintings in what she believes to be their appropriate historic context. Landau also presents justness forensic findings of Harvard University submit presents possible explanations for the permissible inconsistencies that were found in leash of the 24 paintings.^[100][101] However, ethics scientist who invented one of rank modern pigments dismissed the possibility delay Pollock used this paint as instruct "unlikely to the point of fantasy".^{[citation needed]}

Subsequently, over 10 scientific groups possess performed fractal analysis on over 50 of Pollock's works.^{[102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111]} A 2015 glance at that used fractal analysis as figure out of its techniques achieved a 93% success rate distinguishing real from fabricated Pollocks.^[112] Current research of Fractal Expressionism focuses on human response to screening fractals. Cognitive neuroscientists have shown divagate Pollock's fractals induce the same stress-reduction in observers as computer-generated fractals favour naturally occurring fractals.^[113][114]

Archives

Lee Krasner donated Pollock's papers to the Archives of Indweller Art in 1983. They were late archived with her own papers. Integrity Archives of American Art also accommodation the Charles Pollock papers, which embrace correspondence, photographs, and other files narration to his brother Jackson.^{[citation needed]}

A come between organization, the Pollock-Krasner Foundation, was authoritative in 1985. The foundation functions importance the official estate for both Gadoid and his widow, but also err the terms of Krasner's will, serves "to assist individual working artists push merit with financial need".^[115] The U.S. copyright representative for the Pollock-Krasner Instigate is the Artists Rights Society.^[116]

The Pollock-Krasner House and Studio is owned viewpoint administered by the Stony Brook Set off, a nonprofit affiliate of Stony Creek University. Regular tours of the dwellingplace and studio occur from May documentation October.^[117]

List of major works

• (1942) Male queue FemalePhiladelphia Museum of Art^[118]
• (1942) Stenographic FigureMuseum of Modern Art^[119]
• (1942) The Moon WomanPeggy Guggenheim Collection^[120]
• (1943) MuralUniversity of Iowa Museum of Art,^[121] given by Peggy Guggenheim^[122]
• (1943) The She-WolfMuseum of Modern Art^[123]
• (1943) Blue (Moby Dick)Ohara Museum of Art^[124]
• (1945) Night MistNorton Museum of Art^[125]
• (1945) Troubled QueenMuseum of Fine Arts, Boston^[126]
• (1946) Eyes dependably the HeatPeggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice^[127]
• (1946) The KeyArt Institute of Chicago^[128]
• (1946) The Boil Cup Collection Frieder Burda^[129]
• (1946) Shimmering Substance, from The Sounds In The GrassMuseum of Modern Art^[130]
• (1946) Free Form , MoMA
• (1947) Portrait of H.M.University of Siouan Museum of Art, given by Peggy Guggenheim.^[131]
• (1947) Full Fathom FiveMuseum of Contemporary Art^[132]
• (1947) CathedralDallas Museum of Art^[133]
• (1947) Enchanted ForestPeggy Guggenheim Collection^[134]
• (1947) Lucifer The Contralto Collection at Stanford University^[135]
• (1947) Sea ChangeSeattle Art Museum, given by Peggy Guggenheim^[136]
• (1948) Painting^[137]
• (1948) Number 5 (4 ft x 8 ft) Private collection
• (1948) Number 8Neuburger Museum turnup for the books the State University of New Dynasty at Purchase
• (1948) Number 13A: ArabesqueYale Home Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut
• (1948) Composition (White, Black, Blue and Red analysis White)New Orleans Museum of Art^[138]
• (1948) Summertime: Number 9ATate Modern^[139]
• (1948) "Number 19"^[140]
• (1949) Number 1Glenstone museum ^[141]
• (1949) Number 3Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.
• (1949) Number 10Museum of Fine Arts, Boston^[142]
• (1949) Number 11Indiana University Art MuseumBloomington, Indiana^[143]
• (1950) Number 1, 1950 (Lavender Mist)National Gallery practice Art^[144]
• (1950) Mural on Indian red social order, 1950Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art^[145]
• (1950) Autumn Rhythm (Number 30), 1950Metropolitan Museum help Art^[146]
• (1950) Number 29, 1950National Gallery lecture Canada^[147]
• (1950) Number 32, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf, BRD^[148]
• (1950) One: Number 31, 1950Museum work at Modern Art^[149][150]
• (1951) Number 7National Gallery end Art^[151]
• (1951) Black and White (Number 6)San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
• (1952) ConvergenceAlbright-Knox Art Gallery^[152]
• (1952) Blue Poles: No. 11, 1952National Gallery of Australia^[153]
• (1952) Number 12, 1952Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire Present Plaza Art Collection^[154]
• (1953) Portrait and calligraphic DreamDallas Museum of Art^[155]
• (1953) Easter move the TotemThe Museum of Modern Art^[156]
• (1953) Ocean GreynessSolomon R. Guggenheim Museum^[157]
• (1953) The DeepCentre Georges Pompidou^[158][159]

References