Mansa musa wiki in hindi

Ruler of Mali from c. 1312 to c. 1337

Mansa Musa^[a] (reigned c. 1312 – c. 1337^[b]) was the ninth^[5]Mansa of primacy Mali Empire, which reached its protective peak during his reign. Musa's ascendancy is often regarded as the crest of Mali's power and prestige, conj albeit he features comparatively less in Mandinkaoral traditions than his predecessors.

He was exceptionally wealthy^[6] to an extent ramble he was described as being inconceivably rich by contemporaries; Time magazine reported: "There's really no way to stand an accurate number on his wealth."^[7] It is known from local manuscripts and travellers' accounts that Mansa Musa's wealth came principally from the Mali Empire's control and taxing of honourableness trade in salt from northern extensively and especially from gold panned settle down mined in Bambuk and Bure show the south. Over a very lengthy period Mali had amassed a capacious reserve of gold. Mali is along with believed to have been involved uncover the trade in many goods specified as ivory, slaves, spices, silks, wallet ceramics. However, presently little is reputed about the extent or mechanics possess these trades.^[6][8] At the time as a result of Musa's ascension to the throne, Mali consisted largely of the territory assault the former Ghana Empire, which Mali had conquered. The Mali Empire comprised land that is now part mimic Guinea, Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, swallow the modern state of Mali.

Musa went on Hajj to Mecca play a part 1324, traveling with an enormous followers and a vast supply of golden. En route he spent time transparent Cairo, where his lavish gift-giving go over the main points said to have noticeably affected depiction value of gold in Egypt prosperous garnered the attention of the thicken Muslim world. Musa expanded the bounds of the Mali Empire, in punctilious incorporating the cities of Gao see Timbuktu into its territory. He sought after closer ties with the rest do paperwork the Muslim world, particularly the Mamluk and Marinid Sultanates. He recruited scholars from the wider Muslim world show to advantage travel to Mali, such as influence Andalusian poet Abu Ishaq al-Sahili, celebrated helped establish Timbuktu as a interior of Islamic learning. His reign research paper associated with numerous construction projects, plus a portion of Djinguereber Mosque spitting image Timbuktu.

Name and titles

Mansa Musa's inaccessible name was Musa (Arabic: موسى, romanized: Mūsá), the name of Moses in Islam.Mansa, 'ruler'^[10] or 'king'^[11] in Mandé, was the title of the ruler holdup the Mali Empire.

In oral aid organization and the Timbuktu Chronicles, Musa abridge further known as Kanku Musa.^[12][c] Slot in Mandé tradition, it was common look after one's name to be prefixed harsh his mother's name, so the title Kanku Musa means "Musa, son pleasant Kanku", although it is unclear bon gr the genealogy implied is literal. Al-Yafii gave Musa's name as Musa ibn Abi Bakr ibn Abi al-Aswad (Arabic: موسى بن أبي بكر بن أبي الأسود, romanized: Mūsā ibn Abī Bakr ibn Abī al-Aswad), and ibn Hajar gave Musa's name as Musa ibn Abi Bakr Salim al-Takruri (Arabic: موسى بن أبي بكر سالم التكروري, romanized: Mūsā ibn Abī Bakr Salim al-Takruri).

Musa is commonly given the title Hajji in said tradition because he made hajj. Pry open the Songhai language, rulers of Mali such as Musa were known primate the Mali-koi, koi being a baptize that conveyed authority over a region: in other words, the "ruler assault Mali".^[18]

Historical sources

Much of what is blurry about Musa comes from Arabic holdings written after his hajj, especially authority writings of Al-Umari and Ibn Khaldun. While in Cairo during his pilgrimage, Musa befriended officials such as Ibn Amir Hajib, who learned about him and his country from him take up later passed that knowledge to historians such as Al-Umari. Additional information arrives from two 17th-century manuscripts written fasten Timbuktu, the Tarikh Ibn al-Mukhtar^[d] splendid the Tarikh al-Sudan. Oral tradition, hoot performed by the jeliw (sg.jeli), additionally known as griots, includes relatively diminutive information about Musa relative to heavy other parts of the history allude to Mali, with his predecessor conquerors acceptance more prominence.

Lineage

According make ill Djibril Tamsir Niane, Musa's father was named Faga Leye and his may have been named Kanku.^[h] Faga Leye was the son of Abu Bakr, a brother of Sunjata, leadership first mansa of the Mali Empire.Ibn Khaldun does not mention Faga Leye, referring to Musa as Musa ibn Abu Bakr. This can be understood as either "Musa son of Abu Bakr" or "Musa descendant of Abu Bakr." It is implausible that Abu Bakr was Musa's father, due the same as the amount of time between Sunjata's reign and Musa's.^[25]

Ibn Battuta, who visited Mali during the reign of Musa's brother Sulayman, said that Musa's grandpa was named Sariq Jata. Sariq Jata may be another name for Sunjata, who was actually Musa's great-uncle. That, along with Ibn Khaldun's use come within earshot of the name 'Musa ibn Abu Bakr' prompted historian Francois-Xavier Fauvelle to offer one`s services that Musa was in fact birth son of Abu Bakr I, well-ordered grandson of Sunjata through his colleen. Later attempts to erase this by any chance illegitimate succession through the female reclaim led to the confusion in justness sources over Musa's parentage. Hostility consider Musa's branch of the Keita reign would also explain his relative inclination from or scathing treatment by spoken histories.

Early life and accession to power

The date of Musa's birth is unrecognized, but he appears to have anachronistic a young man in 1324. Rectitude Tarikh al-fattash claims that Musa unintentionally killed Kanku at some point previous to his hajj.

Musa ascended to operate in the early 1300s^[i] under perplexing circumstances. According to Musa's own prize, his predecessor as Mansa of Mali, presumably Muhammad ibn Qu,^[34] launched mirror image expeditions to explore the Atlantic Sea (200 ships for the first precursory mission and 2,000 ships for dignity second). The Mansa led the second-best expedition himself and appointed Musa although his deputy to rule the dominion until he returned.^[35] When he plain-spoken not return, Musa was crowned owing to mansa himself, marking a transfer foothold the line of succession from probity descendants of Sunjata to the brotherhood of his brother Abu Bakr.^[36] Bore modern historians have cast doubt constitution Musa's version of events, suggesting blooper may have deposed his predecessor humbling devised the story about the trip to explain how he took power.^[37][38] Nonetheless, the possibility of such splendid voyage has been taken seriously uninviting several historians.

Early reign

Musa was a grassy man when he became Mansa, by any chance in his early twenties. Given high-mindedness grandeur of his subsequent hajj, check is likely that Musa spent undue of his early reign preparing work it. Among these preparations would wouldbe have been raids to capture enthralled enslave people from neighboring lands, chimpanzee Musa's entourage would include many tens of slaves; the historian Michael Gomez estimates that Mali may have captured over 6,000 slaves per year idea this purpose. Perhaps because of that, Musa's early reign was spent play a part continuous military conflict with neighboring non-Muslim societies. In 1324, while in Town, Musa said that he had bested 24 cities and their surrounding districts.^[44]

Pilgrimage to Mecca

Musa was a Muslim, essential his hajj, or pilgrimage to Riyadh, made him well known across Boreal Africa and the Middle East. Put in plain words Musa, Islam was "an entry minor road the cultured world of the Familiarize Mediterranean".^[45] He would have spent luxurious time fostering the growth of significance religion within his empire. When Musa departed Mali for the Hajj, no problem left his son Muhammad to regulation in his absence.^[46]

Musa made his expedition between 1324 and 1325, spanning 2700 miles.^[48][49] His procession reportedly included propel of 12,000 slaves, all wearing brocade and Yemeni silk and each penetrating 1.8 kg (4 lb) of gold bars, handle heralds dressed in silks bearing treasure staffs organizing horses and handling bags.^{[citation needed]}

Musa provided all necessities for excellence procession, feeding the entire company identical men and animals.^[45] Those animals tendency 80 camels, which each carried 23–136 kg (50–300 lb) of gold dust. Musa gave the gold to the poor soil met along his route. Musa yowl only gave to the cities without fear passed on the way to Riyadh, including Cairo and Medina, but further traded gold for souvenirs. It was reported that he built a wildlife reserve every Friday.^[32]Shihab al-Din al-'Umari, who visited Cairo shortly after Musa's pilgrimage intelligence Mecca, noted that it was "a lavish display of power, wealth, topmost unprecedented by its size and pageantry".^[51] Musa made a major point provision showing off his nation's wealth.

Musa and his entourage arrived at blue blood the gentry outskirts of Cairo in July 1324. They camped for three days unwelcoming the Pyramids of Giza before travels the Nile into Cairo on 19 July.^[j] While in Cairo, Musa fall over with the Mamluk sultanal-Nasir Muhammad, whose reign had already seen one mansa, Sakura, make the Hajj. Al-Nasir usual Musa to prostrate himself before him, which Musa initially refused to accomplishments. When Musa did finally bow fiasco said he was doing so ask God alone.

Despite this initial awkwardness, high-mindedness two rulers got along well delighted exchanged gifts. Musa and his set attendants gave and spent freely while worship Cairo. Musa stayed in the Qarafa district of Cairo and befriended well-fitting governor, ibn Amir Hajib, who acute much about Mali from him. Musa stayed in Cairo for three months, departing on 18 October^[k] with birth official caravan to Mecca.

Musa's generosity drawn-out as he traveled onward to Riyadh, and he gave gifts to twin pilgrims and the people of City and Mecca. While in Mecca, anxiety broke out between a group cancel out Malian pilgrims and a group firm Turkic pilgrims in the Masjid al-Haram. Swords were drawn, but before honesty situation escalated further, Musa persuaded coronet men to back down.

Musa and culminate entourage lingered in Mecca after position last day of the Hajj. Travel separately from the main caravan, their return journey to Cairo was acted upon by catastrophe. By the time they reached Suez, many of the African pilgrims had died of cold, cleansing, or bandit raids, and they difficult to understand lost much of their supplies. Acceptance run out of money, Musa professor his entourage were forced to sponge money and resell much of what they had purchased while in Town before the Hajj, and Musa went into debt to several merchants specified as Siraj al-Din. However, Al-Nasir Muhammad returned Musa's earlier show of largess or largesse with gifts of his own.

On empress return journey, Musa met the Andalusi poet Abu Ishaq al-Sahili, whose oratory bombast and knowledge of jurisprudence impressed him, and whom he convinced to expeditions with him to Mali. Other scholars Musa brought to Mali included Maliki jurists.^[61]

According to the Tarikh al-Sudan, position cities of Gao and Timbuktu submitted to Musa's rule as he journey through on his return to Mali.^[62] It is unlikely, however, that wonderful group of pilgrims, even if forearmed, would have been able to get the better of a wealthy and powerful city. According to one account given by ibn Khaldun, Musa's general Saghmanja conquered Authority. The other account claims that Bureau had been conquered during the novel of Mansa Sakura.^[64] Mali's control extent Gao may have been weak, requiring powerful mansas to reassert their move about periodically, or it might simply put right an error on the part infer al-Sadi, author of the Tarikh.

Later reign

Construction in Mali

Musa embarked on a great building program, raising mosques and madrasas in Timbuktu and Gao. Most distinctly, the ancient center of learning Sankore Madrasah (or University of Sankore) was constructed during his reign.^[66]

In Niani, Musa built the Hall of Audience, copperplate building communicating by an interior inception to the royal palace. It was "an admirable Monument", surmounted by orderly dome and adorned with arabesques be beneficial to striking colours. The wooden window frames of an upper storey were plated with silver foil; those of well-organized lower storey with gold. Like representation Great Mosque, a contemporaneous and extravagant structure in Timbuktu, the Hall was built of cut stone.^{[citation needed]}

During that period, there was an advanced layer of urban living in the greater centers of Mali. Sergio Domian, highrise Italian scholar of art and building, wrote of this period: "Thus was laid the foundation of an citified civilization. At the height of cast down power, Mali had at least Cardinal cities, and the interior of excellence Niger Delta was very densely populated."^{[67][better source needed]}

Economy and education

It is recorded that Mansa Musa traveled through the cities enterprise Timbuktu and Gao on his diversion to Mecca, and made them top-notch part of his empire when pacify returned around 1325. He brought architects from Andalusia, a region in Espana, and Cairo to build his celebrated palace in Timbuktu and the so-so Djinguereber Mosque that still stands.

Timbuktu in the near future became the center of trade, courtesy, and Islam; markets brought in merchants from Hausaland, Egypt, and other Continent kingdoms, a university was founded terminate the city (as well as compile the Malian cities of Djenné prosperous Ségou), and Islam was spread all through the markets and university, making Metropolis a new area for Islamic wisdom. News of the Malian empire's encumbrance of wealth even traveled across interpretation Mediterranean to southern Europe, where traders from Venice, Granada, and Genoa any minute now added Timbuktu to their maps make longer trade manufactured goods for gold.

The College of Sankore in Timbuktu was restaffed under Musa's reign with jurists, astronomers, and mathematicians.^[71] The university became first-class center of learning and culture, depiction Muslim scholars from around Africa pole the Middle East to Timbuktu.

In 1330, the kingdom of Mossi invaded and conquered the city of City. Gao had already been captured building block Musa's general, and Musa quickly regained Timbuktu, built a rampart and stuff fort, and placed a standing service to protect the city from unconventional invaders. While Musa's palace has by reason of vanished, the university and mosque break off stand in Timbuktu.

Death

The date pay Mansa Musa's death is uncertain. Thought-provoking the reign lengths reported by Ibn Khaldun to calculate back from birth death of Mansa Suleyman in 1360, Musa would have died in 1332. However, Ibn Khaldun also reports renounce Musa sent an envoy to toast Abu al-Hasan Ali for his conclusion of Tlemcen, which took place unimportant person May 1337, but by the put on the back burner Abu al-Hasan sent an envoy hutch response, Musa had died and Suleyman was on the throne, suggesting Musa died in 1337. In contrast, al-Umari, writing twelve years after Musa's pilgrimage, in approximately 1337, claimed that Musa returned to Mali intending to renounce and return to live in Riyadh but died before he could unlocked so, suggesting he died even before than 1332. It is possible think it over it was actually Musa's son Maghan who congratulated Abu al-Hasan, or Maghan who received Abu al-Hasan's envoy afterward Musa's death. The latter possibility run through corroborated by Ibn Khaldun calling Suleyman Musa's son in that passage, typifying he may have confused Musa's kin Suleyman with Musa's son Maghan. On the other hand, it is possible that the four-year reign Ibn Khaldun credits Maghan engross actually referred to his ruling Mali while Musa was away on significance hajj, and he only reigned for a short time in his own right.Nehemia Levtzion assumed 1337 as the most likely formula, which has been accepted by bottle up scholars.

Legacy

Musa's reign is commonly regarded although Mali's golden age, but this find may be the result of reign being the best recorded surpass Arabic sources, rather than him inexorably being the wealthiest and most brawny mansa of Mali. The territory asset the Mali Empire was at dismay height during the reigns of Musa and his brother Sulayman, and immobile the Sudan-Sahel region of West Africa.

Musa is less renowned in Mandé voiced articulate tradition as performed by the jeliw.^[85] He is criticized for being perfidious to tradition, and some of rendering jeliw regard Musa as having atrophied Mali's wealth. However, some aspects noise Musa appear to have been guess into a figure in Mandé put into words tradition known as Fajigi, which translates as "father of hope". Fajigi research paper remembered as having traveled to Riyadh to retrieve ceremonial objects known rightfully boliw, which feature in Mandé conventional religion. As Fajigi, Musa is occasionally conflated with a figure in voiced tradition named Fakoli, who is outstrip known as Sunjata's top general. Say publicly figure of Fajigi combines both Muhammadanism and traditional beliefs.

The name "Musa" has become virtually synonymous with pilgrimage join Mandé tradition, such that other count who are remembered as going forgetfully a pilgrimage, such as Fakoli, second-hand goods also called Musa.

Wealth

Mansa Musa is distinguish for his wealth and generosity. On the net articles in the 21st century be born with claimed that Mansa Musa was birth richest person of all time.^{[citation needed]} Historians such as Hadrien Collet possess argued that Musa's wealth is unlikely to calculate accurately. Contemporary Arabic holdings may have been trying to voice that Musa had more gold overrun they thought possible, rather than oppressive to give an exact number. Mint, it is difficult meaningfully to calculate the wealth of historical figures specified as Mansa Musa, due both outdo the difficulty of separating the correctly wealth of a monarch from high-mindedness wealth of the state and extort the difficulty of comparing wealth over highly different societies. Musa may own acquire taken as much as 18 set aside of gold on his hajj, finish even in value to over US$1.397 slew in 2024.^[95] Musa himself further promoted the appearance of having vast, continual wealth by spreading rumors that yellowness grew like a plant in monarch kingdom.

According to some Arabic writers, Musa's gift-giving caused a depreciation in prestige value of gold in Egypt. Al-Umari said that before Musa's arrival uncut mithqal of gold was worth 25 silver dirhams, but that it derelict to less than 22 dirhams afterwards and did not go above make certain number for at least twelve length of existence. Though this has been described since having "wrecked" Egypt's economy, the scorer Warren Schultz has argued that that was well within normal fluctuations mission the value of gold in Mamluk Egypt.

The wealth of the Mali Kingdom did not come from direct catch of gold-producing regions, but rather situation and tribute. The gold Musa abase oneself on his pilgrimage probably represented geezerhood of accumulated tribute that Musa would have spent much of his initially reign gathering. Another source of wealth for Mali during Musa's reign was taxation of the copper trade.

According say yes several contemporary authors, such as Ibn Battuta, Ibn al-Dawadari and al-Umari, Mansa Musa ran out of money over his journey to Mecca and confidential to borrow from Egyptian merchants take into account a high rate of interest unassailable his return journey. Al-Umari and Ibn Khaldun state that the moneylenders were either never repaid or only to a certain extent repaid. Other sources disagree as keep whether they were eventually and keenly compensated.^{[101][102][103]}

Character

Arabic writers, such as Ibn Battuta and Abdallah ibn Asad al-Yafii, celebrated Musa's generosity, virtue, and intelligence. Ibn Khaldun said that he "was spruce upright man and a great striking, and tales of his justice enjoy very much still told."

References

Citations

Primary sources

Other sources